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Bipolar Disorder - Overview
Bipolar Disorder is diagnosed according to the criteria set forth from the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder, formerly referred to as manic depression, include severe instability in mood, or mood swings. Bipolar Disorder is broken down into 3 categories, Type I, Type I, and Bipolar Disorder NOS (not otherwise specified). Type I is characterized by at least one manic episode (an extremely disruptive and extreme elevation of mood), possibly alternating with depressive episodes (characterized by extreme sadness, lack of energy, a loss of interest in things, trouble concentrating, and/or thoughts of dying or suicide). Type II is characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (disruptive and heightened mood, not as severe as mania). Bipolar disorder NOS, is defined as a mood disorder with Bipolar features, that does not fit another category (this diagnosis is often provided when Bipolar Disorder is not the primary disorder, but is present, or when a patient cycles quickly between mania and depression).
A common misconception regarding Bipolar disorder is that affected individual’s experience rather quick and unpredictable mood swings. Although this is possible, most often mood changes occur gradually. Episodes of either mania or depression can last weeks, months, or even longer. The episodes of mania and depression typically affect energy levels, behavior, the ability to make sound decisions, and to follow through with day to day activities and routines. The deep mood swings of Bipolar Disorder often have a profound and disruptive effect on those diagnosed with the disorder, and on their circle of family and friends. A diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder requires a comprehensive evaluation and should only be made by a qualified health care provider.
It is estimated that approximately 2 percent of the adult, US population has been diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder. This disorder most commonly appears in adolescence or early adulthood, however, it does sometimes present itself during earlier childhood. Information on the prevalence of this disorder in children is not readily available. It is believed that many children that have been diagnosed with ADHD, actually have early onset bipolar disorder, instead of or in addition to ADHD. It is also suspected that many children diagnosed with depression, actually may have early onset Bipolar disorder, but have not yet experienced phases of mania.
Although the exact causes of Bipolar Disorder remain unknown, the symptoms of this disorder are thought to be caused a chemical imbalance in the brain. Genetics may also play a role, as most individuals diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder have at least one relative that shares this diagnosis.
